- E-cadherin Expression in Distinguishing Ductal and Lobular Carcinomas of the Breast.
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Eun Deok Chang, An Hi Lee, Eun Jung Lee, Seok Jin Kang, Chang Suk Kang
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Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(5):323-327.
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- BACKGROUND
Most breast carcinomas are easily categorized as ductal or lobular. However, in some cases the distinction can be difficult since some tumors may have intermediate features of these two. Prior studies suggest that E-cadherin is useful to classify tumors as ductal or lobular, as it is lost in lobular but not in ductal carcinomas.
METHODS
We studied the histologic features and E-cadherin expression by immunohistochemistry in 57 cases of breast carcinomas, which were divided into three groups based on histology. Group 1 included 4 cases of infiltrating lobular carcinoma (IFL) and 1 case of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) (n=5). Group 2 included infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IFD) with some features of IFL (n=48). Group 3 included a solid type of intraductal carcinoma (DCIS) (n=4). E-cadherin staining was scored as negative or positive.
RESULTS
All 5 cases from group 1 were E-cadherin negative, and all 4 DCIS cases were positive. Only 2 (0.04%) of the 48 cases from group 2 were E-cadherin negative.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that the majority of cases with morphologically IFD with some IFL features are ductal.
E-cadherin immunostaining is of value in helping to characterize breast carcinomas with indeterminate morphologic features.
- Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase and Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinase in Malignant Lymphoma.
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Ah Won Lee, An Hi Lee, Chang Suk Kang, Byung Kee Kim
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Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(4):249-256.
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- Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, TIMPs) play essential roles in the remodelling of the extracellular matrix. The balance between MMPs and TIMPs is altered in neoplasia, contributing to the invasive and metastatic properties of malignant tumors. Although MMP and TIMP are believed to play an important role in invasion and metastasis in malignant solid tumors, little is known about their involvement in malignant lymphoma. Immunohistochemical stains for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were performed using 56 paraffin blocks of the malignant lymphoma and the results were analyzed by using the tumor grade by Working Formulation. The expression of MMP-9 was noted in 45.5% of low grade, 86.1% of intermediate grade, and 100% of high grade malignant lymphoma. The incidence of MMP-9 expression in tumor cells was positively correlated with the grade of the malignant lymphoma (P<0.025). In nodal lymphomas, the incidence of the MMP-9 expression of the tumor cells was higher in malignant lymphoma with extracapsular invasion than those without extracapsular invasion (P=0.008). The incidence of TIMP-1 expression in the tumor cells and fibroblasts was positively correlated with the grade of the malignant lymphoma (P<0.025). In nodal lymphoma, the incidence of the TIMP-1 expression of the tumor cells was higher in malignant lymphoma with extracapsular invasion than those without extracapsular invasion (P=0.009). The incidences of the MMP-1, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 expression in malignant lymphoma were neither increased in the malignant lymphoma with extracapsular tumor invasion nor correlated with the grade by working formulation. There was no significant difference in the expression rate of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in nodal- and extra-nodal malignant lymphoma. The above results suggest that the expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 are positively correlated with the grade and the presence of extranodal tumor invasion in malignant lymphomas.
- Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region and Expression of Ki-67 in Malignant Lymphoma.
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Hee Jung Lee, An Hi Lee, Kyo Young Lee, Chang Suk Kang, Sang In Shim, Byung Kee Kim
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Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(4):257-263.
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- Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are loops of DNA which occur in the nucleoli of cells which possess ribosomal RNA genes. The numbers and areas of NORs have been thought to be related to cellular activities. We aimed to investigate the direct relationship between the parameters of AgNORs and cellular proliferative activity using immunohistochemical method with the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, which demonstrates proliferating nuclei. The sequential technique for the simultaneous Ki-67 immunostaining and NOR staining was applied to the same slides of a series of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) of the low, intermediate, and high grade type. The number of AgNOR per cell was counted and mean NOR percentage nuclear area (NPNA) was measured by morphometry in both the Ki-67 positive and Ki-67 negative nuclei. The increased immunoreactivity for Ki-67 was found in the high grade than in the low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This was reflected in the two areas of the palatine tonsils and lymph nodes, the positive cell counts being higher in the follicle center nuclei than in those in the interfollicular compartment. In general the numbers and NPNA of AgNORs were higher in the Ki-67 positive nuclei than in those lacking the antigen in malignant lymphomas as well as in control. The AgNORs numbers and NPNA in controls were the highest in the Ki-67 positive cells in the follicular area and the lowest in the Ki-67 negative cells in the perifollicular area. In malignant lymphomas the numbers and NPNA of AgNORs tended to increase in proportion to their grade in both the Ki-67 positive and negative cells. The numbers of AgNORs of the high grade and the NPNA of the intermediate and the high grade were significantly higher in Ki-67 positive cells than in Ki-67 negative ones. With this double staining method it was now possible to confirm that numbers and NPNA of AgNORs were directly related to the cellular proliferative activity. In maligant lymphoma, among the several parameters of the AgNORs, NPNA in Ki-67 positive cells is proposed to be the most useful marker in determining the prognosis of the patient.
- Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Pulmonary Hamartoma: A Report of Two Cases.
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Jeana Kim, Kyoung Mee Kim, Young Sill Kim, An hi Lee, Sang In Shim, Byung Kee Kim
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Korean J Cytopathol. 2000;11(1):31-34.
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- Pulmonary hamartoma is an uncommon benign tumor consisting of a mixture of loose fibromyxoid tissue, cartilage, fat, and cleft-like spaces lined by cuboidal or ciliated epithelium. Cytologically, the presence of a mesenchymal component is essential for the diagnosis of pulmonary hamartoma. We report the fine needle aspiration cytologic findings of two cases of pulmonary hamartoma. Case 1 was a 71-year-old woman with a mass, measuring 1.8X1.5 cm in the upper lobe of the right lung. Case 2 was a 51-year-old woman with a mass, measuring 2.3 x 2.0 cm in the lower lobe of the right lung. Fine needle aspiration cytology of both pulmonary masses revealed several sheets of loose fibromyxoid tissue fragments with focal cartilaginous differentiation and a few clusters of bland cuboidal epithelial cells on the bloody background. The diagnosis was histologically confirmed by needle biopsy.
- Pathologic Diagnosis of Intestinal Tuberculosis in Endoscopic Biopsied Material.
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Kyoung Mee Kim, An Hi Lee, Kyu Yong Choi, Se Jeong Oh, Sang In Shim
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Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(8):754-764.
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- The clinicopathologic features and the comparative analysis of diagnostic methods in 42 patients having intestinal tuberculosis were studied. In all the cases, clinical and colonoscopic diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom (54%). Twenty nine patients had active pulmonary tuberculosis which was confirmed by a chest X-ray, or an AFB smear and a culture of sputum. A transverse ulcer with surrounding hypertrophic mucosa and multiple erosion was the usual colonoscopic findings. The granulomas were usually located in the just upper and lower portion of muscularis mucosa. The direct smear and culture of the fresh biopsy material showed AFB in 11 (32.4%) and 12 cases (36.4%) respectively. Ziehl-Neelsen staining in serially sectioned slides from formalin-fixed, paraffin- embedded tissue revealed AFB in 15 cases (35.7%). An immunohistochemical stain for Mycobacterium bovis was done in all cases and 13 cases were positive (31%). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done and showed positivity in 4 out of 20 cases of fresh biospy material and 12 out of 40 cases in paraffin embedded tissue. For the conclusive diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis, a Ziehl-Neelsen stain is the most sensitive, fast, and cost-effective method. The diagnostic accuracy will be increased when other diagnostic methods such as tissue culture and PCR are coupled with this simple staining method.
- Pathologically Diagnosed Giardia Lamblia Enteritis: A case report.
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An Hi Lee, Kyoung Mee Kim, Se Hyun Cho, Sang In Shim
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Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(4):361-363.
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- Giardiasis is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea and it has a worldwide distribution. Although it is a relatively common disorder, histologically confirmed Giardiasis is a rare occurrence and there have been no previous reports in Korea. A 34-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of epigastric discomfort and left flank pain. On stool examination, many cystic forms of Giardia lamblia were noted. In biopsy specimens of the small intestine, there was moderate chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and several trophozoites of Giardia were observed in the intervillous space and luminal surface. The trophozoites were pear shaped symmetrical organisms with two nuclei, and measured 9~10 micrometer in length.
- Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Breast: Report of A Case.
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Kyoung Mee Kim, An Hi Lee, Kyo Young Lee, Eun Joo Seo, Sang In Shim, Han Lym Moon
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1996;7(1):88-91.
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- A primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast was evaluated by fine needle aspiration cytology in a 60 year-old female. Squamous cell carcinoma is a rarely encountered lesion in the breast and nine cases of cytologic findings of mammary squamous cell carcinomahave been reported in the world literature. Our case appears to be one of these rare pure squamous cell tumors. The cytologic diagnosis was possible because of the well defined characteristics of the malignant squamous cells, similar to those found in other locations. Thorough examination of the patient did not reveal squamous cell carcinoma elsewhere.
- Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Retroperitoneal Paraganglioma with an Unusual Pattern: A Case Report.
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Jean A Kim, Young Shin Kim, Chang Suk Kang, An Hi Lee, Byung Kee Kim, Sang In Shim, Sun Moo Kim
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1994;5(1):74-78.
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- A case of retroperitoneal paraganglioma is presented with fine needle aspiration cytologic features.
- Intracranial Lipoma: A case report.
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Young Dae Kim, An Hi Lee, Sun Moo Kim
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Korean J Pathol. 1988;22(2):204-207.
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- Lipoma involving brain and spinal cord is a rare tumor that most commonly located in the midsagittal region. This lesion is usually asymptomatic and has been reported incidentally at postmortem examination. Recently, the CT scan establishes the diagnosis of intracranial lipoma on the basis of typical X-ray absorption and location. The authors experienced a case of intracranial lipoma of occipital lobes. The patient was 7 months-old male who had protruding mass on the occipital region after birth. The mass revealed an uncapsulated lipoma with foca cartilage formation. We report this case with brief review of literatures.
- Ovarian Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules: A report of 1 case.
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An Hi Lee
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1985;19(4):478-482.
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- The sex cord tumor with annular tubules is a rare ovarian neoplasm the predominant component of which has morphologic features intermediate between those of the granulosa cell tumor and those of the Sertoli cell tumor; focal differentiation into either granulosa cell or Sertoli cell tumor may occur. It is microscopically characterized by the formation of simple and complex annular tubules with hyaline bodies and it occurs often in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Recently author experienced a case of ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules in a 49 year old female without Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Clinical data and histopathological findings of the case were discussed and a brief review of the literature on this entity, especially the relationship to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and the pathological differences between the tumor associated with and without Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
- Periphera Neuroepithelioma: A report of 1 case.
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An Hi Lee, Jung Young Lee, Sun Moo Kim, Luke S Chung
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1985;19(4):468-472.
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- The peripheral neuroepithelioma is a primitive neuroectodermal tumor arising from peripheral nerve. This tumor is exceedingly rare and various authorities have estimated its incidence as less than 1% of all malignant tumors of peripheral nerve. As far as our knowledge is concerned, no report on the peripheral neuroepithelioma has been published in Korea. In June, 1985, we experienced a case of peripheral neuroepithelioma that arose in scalp in a 56 year old female. Clinical data and histopathological findings with light and electron microscope of the case were discussed and a brief review of the literature on this entity was made.
- A Case of Human Infection with the Larva of Terranova Type A.
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An Hi Lee, Sun Moo Kim, Kyu Yong Choi
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1985;19(4):463-467.
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- Anisakiasis refers to the accidental infection of humans by a marine nematode as a result of eating a raw flsh which contains larval stages of the nematode sub-family Anisakidae. This patient developed acute epigastric pain three days after eating a raw flsh, Astroconcer myriaster.
Gastrofiberscopy revealed Anisakis larva invading the stomach wall and the larva could be extracted using a biopsy forceps via gastrofiberscopy. The worm was identified as Terranova type A larva based on their morphologic features such as its length, width, intestinal cecum reaching to anterior one-third level of ventriculus and a mucron at posterior end.
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